SCREAM :: essays research papers

SCREAM starts out in the quiet country region of Woodsboro, California. The silence is soon con erected by the ringing of a phone coming from the inside of Casey Beckers home. The conversation between Casey and the threatening Voice, eventually leads up to having Casey scared out of her wits and universe gutted. Sidney Prescott learns about the performance, and also finds out it was almost as bad as the murder of her mother (Maureen Prescott), which occurred almost a year ago. Randy Meeks, Reporter Gail Weathers, and representative Dewey Riley all get mixed up in the story with Sidney. If you want to learn anything else about the movie, go WATCH IT Billy and Stu were obviously PSYCHOtic. Stus motive for killing Casey and Steve is simple. Sweet revenge Casey dumped him for Steve, although Stu claims he dumped her. Billy killed several people with admirable motives. He killed Maureen Prescott beca uptake she was having an affair with his father, which caused his mother to leave t he family. Billy also killed Tatum with good reason. Whats the use of having someone around thats always going to be moping about her dead best friend. It would get on their consciences and drive them crazy, not that they already are. The first murder that occurs, we do not have the pleasure of viewing, but we know the general gist of the story. Maureen was raped and brutally butchered with a hunting knife and was found in her bedroom, getting blood all over the covers. The next two murders were of Casey Becker and Steve Orth. Steve had his stomach ripped open with a knife and he was strapped to a patio chair with fake tape over his mouth. His intestines had been exposed and there was a pool of blood around the chair. Casey received precisely six phone calls before being gutted, yes WITH a hunting knife, and hung outside in her front lawn from a tree. Principal Himbry, the fourth victim, was stabbed seven times (again with a hunting knife) and hung from the school football goalpost . He was found around the time of Stus party. The next lucky person was Tatum Riley, Deweys younger sister and Sidneys best friend (ex). She had her arm sliced by a knife (Ill allow you guess what kind) and was found in the garages kitty door with her head crushed.

Essay --

Renal System 1 Kidneys have important roles in maintaining health and making our lives easier everyday. It is located rough the middle of your back, just below the rib cage. Functions of the kidneys include extracting wastes from the blood and balancing dead body fluids from the water supply. Most of kidney diseases attack the nephrons, which is the functional units of the kidney. This damages causes kidney malfunctions for example, medicines, genetic problems and injuries. One of the major(ip) kidney problems that we face every day is Acute Renal Failure also called the Acute Kidney Injury which basically is that kidneys have suddenly stopped working and as I said earlier, our kidneys excrete waste products and balances fluids in our blood, so imagine not having a perfectly working kidney, it could cause serious problems in our body that could also be fatal. Acute renal failure causes can be classified as pre-renal, intra-renal or post renal. Intr arnal Acute renal failure are those that directly attack the kidney such as an infection, glumerulonephritis, and diabetes. A common intrarenal condition is the acute tubular necrosis, where epithelial layers of the nephrons become damaged leading to changes in urine concentration, waste filtration, electrolytes and acid base balance. There are three phases of acute tubular necrosis they are initiation, maintenance usually last one to 2 weeks, and recovery phase where patients will be put on diuretics and will have a slow return of renal function. Patients that are at venture of developing ATN are patients that have azot... ...lp us be free of acute renal failure. To be an effective nurse to these patients, always put ourselves in their redact and think, what if I have this? Or what if my one your family members ha s this. It will make us want to care for our patients more. Always give them the care and importance that they need.Renal clay 6 Given the life that I have right now makes me realize how fortunate I am that I am healthy and open to function normally everyday, we should always be thankful and give importance to our body because it does a lot for us. Love and respect our body, and remembering that everything we do, because in the obliterate we are not just harming ourselves but we are also hurting the people that care for us.

Loss and Healing in The River Warren :: River

Loss and Healing in The River warren Each of us, in time, will experience a heart-stopping human race - the death or loss of someone or something we love. Maybe it will be of a family member or just a pet we affectionately cherished, but the feelings we have are all too real and all too painful. This loss is probably by far the greatest and most unvoiced emotional trauma we can encounter, and the sense of loss and grief that follows is a healthy, natural, and important part of healing (Death). In The River Warren by Kent Meyers Jeff Gruber learns to c everywhere up with the grief associated with the loss of his younger brother, Chris. This grief is perhaps the strongest of all emotions that bind families together, but it can also be the hardest to overcome. We never really get over these feelings we just absorb them into our lives and move on. According to Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, there are five basic stages of grief. They are denial and isolation, anger, bargainin g, depression, and finally acceptance. It is not unusual for people to be lost in one of the first four stages, and until they move on to acceptance their lives may be difficult and even painful (Stages). In The River Warren Jeff Gruber deals with these five stages of grief and finds peace in his life and with his father. The first stage of grief is denial and isolation. After Chriss death, life went on, but it went on in calm down when it came to picking up rocks. Chris had loved to hear about the glacier that brought the rocks up, and it was difficult for Jeff and Leo to speak of it. Despite wanting to scream at Leo for working and dissembling Chris was dead, Jeff could not. Instead he confides in his wife saying, He never really stopped working, Becca. Just unbroken on working. Things kept on growing, and he kept on working. When Becca asked him, What should he have done, though? The world didnt end. his reply was, Didnt it? (Meyers 76) His fathers capacity for work bothered Jeff. To him it seemed as though nothing had

Aims, Methods and Success of the use of Propaganda in Two Single Party

Compare and contrast the aims, methods and success of the use of propaganda in two single party states.Essentially, some(prenominal) Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler had the same fanatic desire to make their nations Great and gain considerable respect worldwide which would be determined by their economic might. Both leadership used various means of propaganda to achieve their ultimate aims. To what extent they were successful, however, is a debatable issue. Hitler could non achieve the solid control over the masses which he had, if he did not have the help of the so called powerful propaganda machine. Propaganda had been vital in winning the Nazis support that helped them come into power. As Goebbels stated in 1934 Propaganda was their sharpest subdivision in conquering the state, and remains their sharpest weapon in maintaining and building up the state. The reason why Nazis relied on propaganda was first to keep the population contented and second win support for particular p olicies. Another rather ambitious aim of theirs was to indoctrinate the community with their Weltanschauung or in other haggling they were aiming to turn the population into committed members of their Volksgemeinschaft (a community whose members would be Aryan, genetically healthy, socially useful and politically committed to the regime). Nazi propagandas purpose was to influence people and to literally brainwash them without them even realizing it. Another aim was to ensure that the message delivered is so simple that even those without any education are able to get a line it. It was carefully thought out to control and impose Nazi ideology. Hitlers aim was to influence the nations spiritually on the behalf of the State and gain devoted following on his side. He ... ...ngthen if not necessarily to convert millions to Fascism. It is a fact that Mussolinis dictatorship was more conservative that that of Hitlers reign of hostility and terror. Nevertheless, some(prenominal) leade rs used propaganda extensively to promote their ideologies and policies. Hitler on one hand relied mostly on the media and other means of communication to propagate wherever and whenever it is possible, whereas Mussolini concentrate mainly on propagating in schools. Hitlers propaganda was much more aggressive as it involved violence and thus differentiating his means from that of Mussolinis. Last but not least, both leaders did achieve success to certain level trough propaganda in the sense that it increased popularity for the two regimes, Nazism and Fascism. Yet, there were many who hostile them secretly or not and thus arguing the extend to which they were successful.

Manipulative Advertising Essay -- essays research papers

Manipulative AdvertisingAccording to Tom L. Beauchamp, manipulative advertising limits free and informed action (472). It is sort of like convert customers to purchase something, but it is based on incorrect or inconclusive information. Advertisers use attractive rates, enticing images, and a variety of forms of suggestion to hinder or block reasoned choice (479). One example is phony discounting where retailers present fake percentage markdown from suggested retail prices that argon imaginary or artificially rarified (472). The customers are mislead into thinking they are actually receiving a bargain. Use advertisements to manipulate people is sinister because normal peoples freedom to select freely is taken away. The important thing to remember is that it is not what was said and or done by the advertiser, but how a person (people) respond to what is essay to influence them. It is somewhat like lying, but it is the truth stretched out so far that it never seems to reach a lie. S ome advertisers do lie and are held accountable in the sense that their business suffers because of it, but for the most part manipulative advertising is very common and well practiced especially in the United States.A very sad point concerning manipulative advertising is that advertisers, advertise to everyone including those very vulnerable people. Children as well as those with a sick state of mind, such as the ment...

The Lymphatic System Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System is very important. It helps with theCardiovascular system, and our immune systems. The Lymphatic System is made upof two semi-independent parts. One is a network of lymphatic vessels. Theother part is various lymphoid tissues and organs inbuiltly over the body. Thefunctions of the Lymphatic System transporting fluids that have escaped from theblood vascular system, and the organs house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes.Lymphatic vessels are an elaborate system of drain vessles thatcollect the excess protein-containing fluid and returns it to the bloodstream..Once an interstitial fluid enters the lymphatics it is called lymph. Thelymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph flows only towards theheart. This entire transport sytem starts in the lymph capillaries. These arevery commmon, usually occur in the places blood capillaries occur. Lymphcapillaries are not found in bone, teeth, bone marrow, and entire cardinalnervous system. Lymphatic capillaries are very permeable. The endothelial cellsthat make up the walls of the capillaries are not tightly joined. Filamentanchor the endothelium cells so they can buoy expand. Pathogens can spread throughthe body through the lymphatic stream.There are many cells in the lymphoid tissue. One type is lymphocytes,which are reffered to often as T or B cells. Plasma cells are antibody-produci...

Kohler Terminal Value

Both approaches (used to come up with the judge of the Kohler Company) are greatly impacted by the assumptions made by both(prenominal) the political party and the disagree componentholders.The use of the Market approach has shown that the value of the company varies greatly depending on the comparable companies. If Masco (which is the largest comparable company) is included, the value goes to close $3.7 B and excluding it causes the value to go take down to $1.2 B. Moreover, depending of the discount for lack of liquidity and control, the value of the company could decrease considerably. Then, in the grocery approach there are two variables that affect the value of the company comparable partners and the discount for lack of liquidity and control.In the Free property Flow (FCF) approach, the two variables that makes the value diverge is the beta and the discount (liquidity and control) used. In this particular proposition scenario the Beta impacts the WACC considerably d ue to the high weight of the cost of equity. For example, a leaving of 4 points in the WACC raises the value of the company more than 150% Table 7.It is enkindle to see that in ordering to arrive at Kohlers initial valuation of $58K per share a 65% discount is needed in both valuation approaches. Also, Mascos exclusion is required under the Market approach while the high Beta is required under the FCC approach. The factor created by the voice of standard deviations of fabrication peers and the deviations from different markets increases or decreases Beta considerably. (More details about this factor are discussed later in the paper.) Conversely, according to the dissenting shareholders, in order to arrive at $273K per share a 0 % discount and the inclusion of Masco and low Beta is needed.In the settlement, Kohler may use two simple manners to settle down the claim. The first would be a Weight Adjusted Value method, which consists of taking the weighted average of the proposed settlement values times the confidence level. The second method is to calculate the book value of the company using the formula (Assets- Liabilities)/ of shares (Intangibles are not excluded). The results of these two methods indicate that The Kohler Company should be indifferent between sledding to trial and settling for $120K per share.Finally, the suggested settlement price should be adjusted to reflect the possibility of an increased tax liability Kohler may have with the IRS. Using a weighted average, the new settlement price is around $150K per share.Company Overview Kohler is a recognized international manufacturer of plumbing products, home furnishings, generators and engines. It also owns and operates hospitality and in truth estate Businesses. Kohler has been a private company, predominantly owned by the Kohler family since its founding in 1887. Market ApproachBecause Kohler is privately held the market value needs to be ascertained by the implied value determined by u sing a multiples approach based on the trading value of Kohlers comparable industry peers. Table 1 shows the relevant multiples for Kohlers peer group. Depending on what multiples are used to value Kohler the estimation varies considerably. Table 2 demonstrates the range of these values. If Masco, with its chiefly high multiples, is excluded from the analysis the valuation would be roughly $1.2B.On the other extreme if Kohlers value is based on Mascos benchmark, the value leaps to nearly $3.7B. A strict average of the peer group would yield a value of $1.6B. Our best guess of value is closer to $2B based on the peer average being averaged with Mascos profitability multiples as we feel that the fundamentals of Kohler and Masco are closely matched. These estimates do not include any discounts for the lack of liquidity or control that the shares are characterized by. Table 3 shows the value per share given a $2B market value and various discounts applied. base on the market multiples approach it appears that Kohler takes a lots more conservative approach to not only valuation but to the discounts that should be applied to the stock given his recounting illiquidity and lack of controlling stake in the enterprise. From their prospective the value is the historically modest dividend and the long range growth of the business. Given their approximation of a share price of $54,000 that would suggest they excluded Masco as an outlier if they used a multiples approach and they used a discount of nearly 65% on the value of the shares to address their limitations mention previously. This would yield a value of roughly $58,000 per share.The dissenting Kohler shareholders, many of whom acquired shares for north of $100,000 each, have a vested interest in a much more open-hearted approach to the value of Kohlers shares. It appears they could be talking one of two approaches in arriving to their $273,000 value per share. The first is that they could also assume a market va lue of roughly $2B for Kohler, and not acknowledge any need to discount the shares. This would yield an estimate of $274,100 per share. The other approach could be that this estimate was derived from the multiples values using Masco as a fellow industry leader with higher margin products and strong differentiation and acknowledging the need to discount the share value for lack of liquidity and control. Based on the Masco benchmark and a 25% discount the value would be roughly $279,000 per share.Free Cash Flow Approach Kohlers Free Cash Flow (FCF) model is developed using the Non-Cash Working Capital Approach, a correlated Beta and an EBITA that excludes both interest income and expense. The Non-Cash Working Capital is used because of the consent each year in Kohlers forecasted working capital. Table 4Secondly, in order to make the FCF model more accurate, a correlation between the company financials and its main(prenominal) competitors is used. Table 5 displays this correlation. The correlation is then multiplied by a factor which is defined by the division of the standard deviation of Kohlers competitor and the standard deviation of the market (US Equity Market). Lastly, an average of each of these factors is performed and the Kohlers Beta is found. Table 5The Beta in this case significantly affects the Weight Average court of Capital (WACC) since the weight of Kohlers cost of equity is about 82% and the remaining 18 % tied to the cost of debt Table 6. The calculated WACC using this beta is 14.19%.If Beta is calculated using a different standard deviation, other than the US Equity Market, the results will vary drastically. For example, using a standard deviation of a highly correlated distribution of stocks that includes 3 kitchen & bath companies and 3 engine & generator companies, the Beta will decrease from 2.67 to 1.52. Then, the new WACC would be 10.40%Table 5. Just this difference in Beta would make the per share value of the stock go from $164K to $251K with 0 discount (due to the lack of control and liquidity), and from $ 57K to $ 88K with 65 % discount Table 7.Kohler is most promising using a relatively high WACC and high discount to come up with a $58K value per share. As it is shown in Table 8, using a WACC of 14.19% and a discount of 65% for liquidity and control of the stock arrives at $57K per share.On the other hand, the dissenting Kohler shareholders have probably used a much more generous approach to the value of Kohlers shares. It appears they could be using a WACC close to 10% and not discount (liquidity and/or control) or a WACC of 8% and 30% discount to arrive at their $273,000 value per share.

Organizational Culture and Personal Values Essay

Job satisfaction and job surgical procedure are interrelated topics, which are derived from various(prenominal) personal determine, (Iaffaldano & Muchinsky, 1985). Organizations preempt use specific processes to shape employee values, which pull up stakes reflect the desired work culture of the organization. The conk outment of values will shape the culture of an organization and enlarge job satisfaction and job performance. Personal values deal with the end states of our existence or the ultimate goals that people wish to achieve in their lives, (Duvasula, Lyonski &Madhavi, 2011). These values act as guidelines in an employees job performance, job satisfaction and decision making processes. The development of personal values is rooted in experience. As employees navigate their careers their own personal values evolve as a result of the unique experiences differing career fields offer. Organizations can use these heuristic experiences to develop within their employees, their own set of values. The use of leadership development programs enable organizations to shape their employees motivations and attitude to align with the values selected by the organization, (Dennis & Cynthia, 1998). By growth specific values within their employees the organization can tailor their individual working culture and customer experience.After completing the Work Personality Index, (Psychometrics Canada Ltd, 2011-2012), I found the development of my own personal values has been shaped by my experiences within my career field. The daily challenges, which are presented within my field of work, coupled with institutional leader development have aligned my personal values along with the organizational values of my employer. This values alignment has created a greater job performance and job satisfaction in me. Program development which guide employees in the development of their personal values to mirror organization values create a culture of adaptation a growth. This culture can provide a more satisfying work environment and customer experience.Furthermore, personal values are ever changing within individuals. These adaptations are a result of heuristic experiences. Job satisfaction and job performance are directly related to individual personal values. Organizations can use this relationship to develop an organizational culture which promotes a specific set of values within their employees. Organizations who cultivate values will see an increase in employee satisfaction and loyalty.ReferencesDennis, T. J., & Cynthia, D. S. (1998). How to link personal values with team values. Training & Development, 52(3), 24-30. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/227005415?accountid=8289 Durvasula, S., Lysonski, S., & A.D. Madhavi. (2011). Beyond service attributes Do personal values guinea pig? The Journal of Services Marketing, 25(1), 33-46. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876041111107041 Iaffaldano, M. T., & Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job satisfaction a nd job performance A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 251-273. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.251 Psychometrics Canada Ltd, 2011-2012 Work Personality Index Retrieved from http//www.testingroom.com/

Online viewing of grades Essay

IntroductionMost college schools here in the Philippines hand an online grade conceive/inquiry re importants, especially in metro manila. The trend of using this kind of governing body is growing fast, and reaching even schools in provinces. What is an online grade viewing carcass you ask? This type of musical arrangement is a computerized frame that you could simply access through www (World Wide Web) via internet. WWW is the fastest growing part of internet. Note that, contrary to what m either hoi polloi believe, the web and the internet atomic number 18 not the same. The existence of the web is made possible by computers and programs that communicate information to one another. Internet is the worlds largest internet work. It includes computers hooked to unhorseher in networks. HGBCOnline club Viewing placement The whole idea about this project is to enable the scholars of HGBaquiran College in viewing their grades every(prenominal) term and every end of the semeste r. Base on my own experience many of the scholarly persons are having anaesthetize of viewing their grades beca pulmonary tuberculosis sometimes the profs are not submitting their assort record on time.And sometimes it even gets to the point that the first month of the next semester is already done but we still dont get to see our single out cards. This governing body allow be a big help for the students of HGBC on keeping track of their current grades per grading term and in any case on viewing their grade every end of the semester. Before the student have the ability to access the system/website they need to create an depict first, creating an describe for this website is much easier than creating an account on Facebook because there is only little info needed for the account, six to be exact. Now, after creating the account the student impart have to login using the user name and password theyve entered when they create their account and without any delays depending on the computer theyll be using and the speed of the internet connection, they layabout without delay view their grades freely where ever and whenever they want.Now, for the professors, creating an account wont be necessary because there will be a built in account for all them that will be created by the registrar but they will still be asked to input their password. It is most standardizedly that the only thing theyll be doing is login to the system/website and Input the Infos of their students. In terms of the built in account every single professor will be ask for whatever username or password they want to have. And the one to be handling that is the system main(prenominal)tainer or the registrar, the account of every single professor will be updated every time before the semester beginsStatement of the ProblemThe school of HGB currently dont have any grade viewing system but the giving of class cards per subject every end of the semester and buying the (COG) Certificate of Grade s. The instructors sometimes dont submit the students grades on time. Time consuming on manual system or practice.Much expensive regarding on releasing of COG.Rush hour compliancy of grades.A slow process of retrieving and releasing of records.Inaccurate results of grades.Expense in using papers and pens in recording.Sometimes the teachers are not aware of consequences if they are not submitting their records regarding the students. Expenses and transportation in returning to the school registrar. The students cannot enroll immediately because of having incomplete grades. The students encounter problems in their evaluation.Statement of AssumptionGrading System is knowing to provide incentive reward for achievement and assist in identifying problems of the student. Grading System is the most commonly used in computing and analyzing the writ of execution, talent and skills of students? It is the in-chief( propertynominal) record to keep even for the coherentest time for the refer ral and credentials of the student to enter their next level of attaining their goals. It is the tract record that recognizes of one student, this maybe use for analyzing of your attitude and values. 1. Is there any significance between the manual grading systems to the computerized grading system? 2. Is Manual grading system gives more accurate, efficiency and open to use than the computerized grading system? 3. Is manual grading system makes the task easier and less consuming of time than the computerized grading system?Objectives of the ProjectThe students of HGBC are having trouble viewing their grades. The General Objectives of this project is to enable the students to keep track of their grades and view them via website online. Specifically it aims toTo evaluate the present system.To improve the present system.To develop a system that will enable the instructors to encode grade online. To develop a system that will help the students of HGBC in terms of keeping track of their grades. To develop a system that will enable the students of HGBC to view their grades via website online. To develop a system that will prevent the students from rushing their professors on computing their grades. To maintain an accurate grades wedded by the professors.To make it accessible for the students to review their grades. To make it hassle-free for the students to get their grades. To be punctual for the professors in encoding of grades.Significance of the ResearchFirst is the Students of HGBC the Students are the main concern of this system theyll be the one who will get the most benefits from the system. Firstly because when this system is implemented the delay of their grade inquiry will be reduce from 1 month to 1 week. Secondly, whenever they want to see their grades they dont need to go to the school anymore, they just need to go to a computer shop, visit the HGBC website and in just a minute or so they can already view their grades. Second is the Registrar, now fo r the registrar their main function for the system will be to CRUD or the so called Create, Retrieve, Update and Delete.Technically speaking without the registrar this system will be nothing but a website without function because the registrar will be the one to input the students Grades in the system that the students are going to view. The Instructors or the professors, the instructors, they will be the one to input the infos of their students and will compute their grades submit it to the registrar and those grades will be the one that the registrar will input on the system. The school (HGBC), it can be an asset of the institute and a pride also thatcan be used career guidance and endorsements.Scope and LimitationThis project focuses on the grade viewing process of HGBC. The grades displayed in the system cannot be printed. If the Registrar inputted untimely grades of the student, the online system is not reliable in human errors. The grade encoding process and other processes i nvolve in the system relied on the internet connection. This System has a range of giving grade information for the chosen beneficiaries. This System is a Web-based System using PhpDesigner, an Online Grading System that will give you an motiveless access for grades-viewing.Review of related literature and StudiesRelated Literature and Studies guide the researcher in making comparison between his findings with the findings of other researchers on equivalent studies with the end in view of formulating globalizations or principles which are the contributions of the study to the fund of knowledge. As internet my main source, Ive gained sufficient information of what my system would be. The adjacent were the theories and studies behind the concept of the systemRelated TheoriesStudent TrainingGrade Book, Viewing Grades, Notes, Graphing ToolsIn this Turning grade book, it allows the instructor to enter and calculate grades for students on assignments submitted to the instructor. Their my grades tab appears on the class portfolio page when the product is available. The grade book can be used to track numeric grades, attendance, and notes as well as allowing students to graph their performance. To view any grades and attendance records or instructor notes visible in a specific class, theyll open class portfolio page and click on the my grades tab. in the part of viewing grades, a student users grade page will show the papers and reviews the student has submitted along with any grades that havebeen given by the instructor on these submissions. The number in the points column shows the total number of points an assignment is worth. The number lay to the left of the points column shows how many points the student received for their assignment. The grade value for the submission appears in the grade column.Grades only become available on the post date of an assignment. The top of the grades page shows the overall class grade and the attendance. The instructor can ent er a note alongside a grade for a submission. If the instructor has entered a note for the submission a note icon will appear next to the grade under the note column. Click on the note icon to view the instructor note. The full list of notes given to the student in a class can be viewed by clicking on the notes icon next to the grade summary at the top of the grade book window. The graphing tools allow a student to view their own performance and the class average performance in line graph or pie chart formats.The graphing toolsare accessed by clicking on the graphs button in grade book. On the graphs page, the student will use the show pull down menu to select the graph type to view. Online grading allows faculty and departments to submit grades from anywhere with an Internet connection. Grade rosters display up-to-date enrollment information, e.g., late adds and W grades.Related StudiesIn this research entitled Online Grade encoding and inquiring System via SMS technology by Bella BheThe San Mateo Municipal College has increased in students population at the same time the number of works of the registrar and students grades to be processed has also increased. San Mateo Municipal College wants to give a good education to everyone who does not afford to enroll in other universities that have high knowledge fees. They always secure the best way to make their students comfortable with their school. One of the responsibilities of the registrar office is to keep the students grades entropy secured for their records and purpose.The researcher state that the general problem faced by the SMMC is the manual encoding, submission and distribution of students grades of San Mateo Municipal College. The specific problems are the time consuming, costly and long process of inquiry of grades, the students need to go directly to their respective registrar inorder to enquire their grade, the Instructors are encountering errors during encoding of grades and the Instructors ne ed to go to the registrar just to encode the grades. After knowing these problems, the researchers aim to develop an Online Grade Encoding and Inquiry System via SMS Technology for San Mateo Municipal College and specifically To develop a system that will lessen the registrars tasks in encoding of grades, to develop a system that can able to send grades automatically, to develop a system that will shorten the process of inquiry of grades, to develop a system that can able the instructor to encode grades online and to develop a system that can inquire grades via SMS. In this study, the researcher used descriptive method of research he used questionnaires and also conducted interviews to gather data.JustificationThis online grade viewing system of HGBCollege can give the satisfaction needed by the registrar, professors and most specially the students.InteroperabilityThe system could have some problem on other web browser like internet Explorer and Opera mini but I can perform best in web browsers like Google chrome and Mozilla Firefox.PerformanceThe action of the system can perform better depending on the computer and the internet connection of the users.SecurityThe community that have an account and stored in the database are the only person that can access the system.MaintainabilityThe System administrator will be the one maintaining the system.RobustnessThis system is authenticated with password that makes it more secure and robust. reliability and AvailabilityThe system is reliable based on the speed of the internet connection and it is available anywhere because it is an online system.SafetyIn case of problems due to inconsistencies, this system is safe because it can still be traced up.UsabilityThis system is only usable by the registrar, professors and students.User-FriendlyThis online grade viewing is a user friendly system because all the users can easily understand, manipulate and use it.Business IntegrityThis system is made to develop a higher satis faction of the students and also the people in the community of Tumauini, together with the neighbor communities.Definition of termsAsset- a useful or valuable thing,or quality.Accessible- able to be reached or entered.Account- is a aggregation of information that tells Windows which files and folders you can access, what changes you can make to the computer, and your personal preferences. Accurate grades- correct in all details exact computation of grades based on criteria. course Guidance- advice and information about careers that helps individuals, esp young people, decide on a career and also teaches them how to pursue their chosen career Database- Is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring information. Hussle-free- without problems or bother .Inquiry- An act of asking for information.Keeping Tracks- keep apprised of fully aware.Registrar- an official in a college or university wh o is responsible for(p) for keeping student records.Robust- able to withstand or overcome adverse conditions.Speed of Internet- The performance of an Internet connection, which is based on the number of bytes per second that data travels from the users device to the Internet (upload) and from the Internet (download). System administrator- is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems especially multi-user computers, such as servers. Traced Up- Evidence or an indication of the former presence or existence of something. Trends- a general direction in which something is developing or changing. Username- an identification used by a person with access to a computer, network, or online service. Web Browser- is a bundle application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the WorldWide Web. WWW- is a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.Bibliographyhttp//www.sourcecodester.com/c/8203/online-grading-system-fashion-store.html www.wikipidia.comWebb, Patricia, Technologies of Difference Reading the Virtual Age (In)Difference, Computers and Composition 20 (2003), 151-67Basalla, George. The Evolution of Technology. New York, 1988.

Descartes methods of doubt Essay

?In this paper, I will be examining Rene Descartes formers for precariousnessing al superstar of his beliefs. I will begin with Descartes first meditation, showing how he argues his rationalitys of doubt. Followed with Descartes second meditation, presenting the one piece of knowledge that Descartes finds irrefutable and explaining why he believes it to be so. Descartes formulates trio different skepticisms while reflecting on a number of mistakenhoods he was led to believe throughout his life.Upon reflection, Descartes decides that he must establish a new tooshie of beliefs, he declares, I must once for all seriously undertake to rid myself of all the opinions which I formally accepted (Descartes, p. 17). Descartes decides that if there is both(prenominal)(prenominal) reason to doubt one of his present beliefs, then the belief as a whole must be rejected. Descartes starts with his beliefs, which he has come to through his own senses.It is sonorous to doubt ones own senses but Descartes acknowledges that even the most trusted senses have the ability to be deceitful. For example, when I look up at the sun it appears to be relatively small, but in reality the sun is much larger then I perceive it to be. Therefore, my sense of sight is non completely accurate, which then causes me to doubt my sense of sight. Unless the object in view is close at hand, then how could I possibly doubt that the object outlasts? Descartes finds reason for doubt even with objects up close.To argue this claim he formulates his dream surmisal to prove that our senses can still be misleading even in cases like this, he states I have in catch some Zs deceived by similar illusions, and in dwelling carefully on this reflection I verify so manifestly that there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep (Descartes, p. 18). When Descartes senses fail in separating the ii states, his trust in his senses are doubted because his senses ca nnot differentiate dreams from reality.It is this doubt that leads Descartes to the realization that beliefs derived from senses cannot be fully trusted, and in fact proves that there may not be any physical matter as all. Descartes dives even deeper into the role of senses in dreams, as well as art stating Things which are represented to us in sleep are like painted representations which can only have been formed as the counterpart of something real and true (Descartes, p. 18). This shows that what we perceive to be real is the crusade force behind ourimagination. Furthermore, our dreams spawn from our imaginations, which means that our dreams consist of only thing that we perceive to be real. Now looking back to what I previously stated, if our senses cannot be trusted to differentiate dreams from reality then how can I be sure that Im not asleep at this very indorsement and that I am only dreaming of typing on a laptop. Aside from Descartes disbelief in his own senses, Descarte s doubts the validity in sciences.Descartes justifies this uncertainty with his deplorable genius hypothesis he says, Some evil genius not less powerful than deceitful, has employed his whole energies in deceiving me (Descartes, p. 19). This adduce suggests, it is possible that our foundations of maths and science are false, and that all beliefs may be deceptions. This skeptical hypothesis is arguably the most powerful of all skeptical hypothesizes. With this premise, doubt can be found in any belief that can be conceived and Descartes concludes that nothing has ever existed.After Descartes attempts to rid himself of all belief that he considers to be false he is left with to many doubts to forget, Descartes expresses his emotions by saying, I had all of the sudden fallen into very deep water, I am so disconnected that I can neither make certain of setting my feet on the bottom, nor can I swim and so support myself on the surface. (Descartes, p. 133). We can see the confused em otions Descartes experiences with this statment.I believe that this disconcert stems from the fact that Descartes now doubts everything he knew and once believed to have validity. I also believe that it is this distress that led him to unearth the one piece of knowledge that he is unable to deny. After much thought, Descartes realizes that the only belief he cannot deny is that he himself exists. Descartes then states, But there is some deceiver or other, very powerful and very cunning, who ever employs his ingenuity in deceiving me.Then without doubt I exist also if he deceives me (Descartes, p. 134). This quote displays to me that Descartes knows that if he is able to be deceived, by whom ever it may be, then in fact he must exist because if he did not exist then he would not be able to be deceived. Therefore, Descartes finally finds validity in a belief, which he vitally needs at this beat of conflicting thought upon all of his former beliefs.In conclusion, Descartes doubt in al l of his believes is formed through his skeptical hypothesizes, beginning with senses are deceiving at a distance, which doubts sizes and shapes at a distance when perceived, but not up close. Following with his dream hypothesis, which can doubt things up close facilitated by the imagination, but cannot doubt truths of mathematics and sciences. Closing with the evil genius hypothesis, which is able to doubt mathematical facts such as a square having four sides, but this final hypothesis brings the one undisputable belief of existence.

Indian Premiere League Controversy

Board of control for Cricket is the most powerful and most influential organization in the world of cricket. It is one of the richest sports organizations in the world. Mr. N Srinivasan came a long way starting as a cricket administrator in Tamil Nadu in 2001 to becoming President of Board of Control for Cricket in India in 2011. Indian Premier League is considered as the worlds show grapheme for the T20 cricket. Eight teams will be participating in this tournament. An UK based consulting firm Brand Finance has valued it at 4. 3 billion US dollars in 2010. During N. Srinivasan term as president IPL has faced lot of controversies. world the most powerful man in world of cricket administrators he refused to quit when his tidings in law was caught being involved in the purported illegal betting. He gradu entirelyy worked his way to become the President of the most powerful board in the world of cricket. He has been charged with run afoul of interest by owing an IPL enfranchisement t he Chennai Super Kings.He refused to resign from the president post after his word of honor in law was caught for alleged illegal betting on the IPL matches. Former BCCI president AC Muthiah has filed a case in Supreme Court contest the board rules that permits the BCCI officials to own an IPL franchises (Singh, 2013). Three players S Sreesanth, Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chnadila from Rajasthan Royals were arrested for alleged spot fixing by Delhi police. Srinivasan clamorously said that the guilty will not be spared and was strike and disappointed with the spot fixing events.Nobody expected his son in law Gurunath Meiyappan will be involved in the illegal betting allegations. Being in a responsible position, instead of stepping down as President on morality basis and this is one of the worst scandals of Indian Cricket he became argumentative and even criticized the media for going after him (Singh, 2013). The India Cements owner of Chennai Super Kings had issued a statement stating that Meiyappan is not a CEO of the company after he was subpoenaed by Mumbai Police and he is in anyway not related to the franchise.But twitter account status of Meiyappanss said that he was the Team spark advance of CSK, was titled as the owner of the franchise at a particular event , he was sitting in the players auction and was pitch in the dugout of CSK for all the matches where only the team management was allowed to be present in the dugout. So India Cements argument that he is not related to the franchise is absolutely false (Singh, 2013). He was involved in illegal betting of CSK matches too.This raises lot of questions as he may have passed the team combinations and planning to the bookies as he has access to all the players (Singh, 2013). If Srinivasan tries to brush off things and cover up the whole situation then BCCI will jeopardize the faith and entrust of millions of commonwealth who follow the game of cricket and where cricket is a religion in India. For the bet terment of cricket, cricket lovers and inviolability of cricket in India Srinivasan must resign and ensure that all the guilty are served with the punishment.The other members of the board have resigned as they are not satisfied with the Srivasans decision and how he handled the situation (Singh, 2013). Source of passage of arms This conflict can be an example for Substantive conflict. This occurs when two or more organizational members disagree on their task or content issues. difference of opinion of values This occurs when two social entities differ in their values or ideologies on certain issues (Druckman, Broome & Korper, 1988).Srinivasan differs with the ideologies and values of the BCCI this can be recognized as conflict of values. Level of Analysis This can be an example of Interpersonal conflict. It refers to conflict between two or more organizational members of the same or contrastive hierarchical levels. This situation has created differences between the board members and the treasurer and other board members have resigned it can be classified as interpersonal conflict.ReferencesRahim, M. A. (2001). Managing conflict in organizations. Westport, Conn Quorum Books. Druckman, D., Broome, B., & Korper, S., (1988).Value differences and conflict resolution Facilitation or delinking?Journal of Conflict Resolution, 32, 489 510. Singh, M. (2013, may 26). IPL spot-fixing Why N Srinivasan should quit as BCCI president. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from Zeenews.india.com http//zeenews.india.com/blog/ipl-spot-fixing-why-n-srinivasan-should-quit-as

The instructional design process

See the undermentioned conjectural state of affairs, you have been upri detectd by a module member at UNC who has merely received a vast grant for developing educational stuffs in her field of expertness. Although the module member knows her capable really good, she has neer been involved in a big evolution lying-in. Her annual undertaking involves workings with otherwise module members as capable affair experts and organizing the attempts of assorted media production contractors. The module member has approached you to assist her program this undertaking. discover for her what is meant by instructional design in relation to this undertaking. In peculiar, she is interested in how instructional aims, choosing the right media, and formative development impart assist her undertaking.instructional design is a mussy procedure. It is a non-linear iterative procedure that includes legion visions and alterations. Sims and Koszalka ( 2008 ) define instructional design as a purposeful activity that consequences in a combination of schemes, activities, and resources to ease acquisition ( p. 570 ) . Merrill, Barclay, and van Schaak s ( 2008 ) definition suggests purpose and intent when they describe the procedure as one which involves making designs for effectual, efficient, and prosecuting forethought ( p. 174 ) . What we know about this peculiar grant is that it is a big grant with the intent of developing educational stuffs for one twelvemonth. Furthermore, this undertaking impart affect working with assorted module members every bit good as media production contractors. Given these conditions, the instructional design theoretical account created by Morrison, Ross, and Kemp ( 2004 ) will be the underlining usher for this treatment. The subdivisions on aims, message design, and formative development will be written in more item than other subdivisions based on the bespeak by the module member.Typically, the first measure in the instructional design pro cedure is placing the job. This involves calculating out if instructional design is appropriate. Be face the grant has already been approved, it will be assumed that the demands appraisal, end analysis, and humanity presentation appraisal for the undertaking have been conducted and it was determined that focalisation is the appropriate manner to work out the job.The second measure is to measure the demands of the scholars. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) suggest taking a expression at common chord facets of the intended audience a ) general features, or wide placing variables such(prenominal) as gender, age, work experience, instruction, and ethnicity ( p. 57 ) specific entry competences, or prerequisite accomplishments and attitudes that scholars must possess to profit from preparation ( p. 58 ) and larning manners, or traits that refer to how persons approach larning undertakings and procedure cultivation ( p. 58 ) . For the undertaking, the instructional interior decorator m ust take into consideration who the scholars ar. Are they traditional undergraduate pupils? Are there internationalist pupils? Are they from Colorado? Depending on the features of the scholars, education will be altered to suit their demands.The 3rd measure is the undertaking analysis. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) describe three methods for specifying the heart submit analysis, procedural analysis, and critical incidence analysis. A subject analysis is used to specify the facts, constructs, rules, and regulations that will do up the concluding snap ( p. 80 ) . For the undertaking, it is of event to happen the cardinal stuffs that argon relevant to the direction. If the other module are from different subjects, each capable country will necessitate to analyse their personal list of subjects. The procedural analysis ais used to analyse undertakings by placing the stairss required to finish them ( p. 84 ) . Making walkthroughs with other module members functioning as subject-ma tter experts may be a good attack. The critical incidence method ais used to place the content cerebrate to interpersonal interactions and attitudes ( p. 96 ) . Because in many instances, the aim of an direction is for pupils to derive the accomplishments that experts in the field have acquired, the subject-matter expert becomes a important portion of the design. Therefore, it is necessary to sit down with the other module to better understand the conditions and grounds for which they do what they do and how they do it.Taking into consideration the results of the undertaking analysis, the 4th measure is to make instructional aims. Aims are aa aggregation of words and/or images and diagrams intended to allow others cognize what you intend your pupils to accomplish ( Mager, 1984, p. 3 ) . Kaufman ( 2000 ) suggests making an ideal vision, or ain mensurable footings, the sort of universe we want to make together for tomorrow s kid ( p. 92 ) as a starting point. This may be a goo d recommendation, particularly in a big grant where people s thoughts about the agencies by which they get to the ends may be different or may conflict. By placing an ideal vision, planning is set at the mega-level, safely beyond the boundaries of the grant, leting different positions to hold upon a common ends or result. When this is completed, aims for the grant preserve be written so that they align with the ideal vision. One of the issues in working with a big group of people is that, without all the way stated aims, after a piece, people may acquire off path. When aims are clearly stated, both those involved in making the direction ( i.e. , teachers, instructional interior decorators, capable affair experts ) , the stakeholders, every bit good as scholars to the full understand the purpose of the lesson or course of study.There are three types of aims cognitive, psychomotor, and affectional. Typically, aims are written for the cognitive sphere, or aobjectives related to info rmation or cognition, calling, work outing, predicting, and other rational facets of larning ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 109 ) . Therefore, merely objectives for the cognitive sphere will be discussed here. A simple manner of retrieving how to compose aims for the cognitive sphere is by utilizing the mnemotechnic ABCD. A refers to the intended audience of the educational stuffs. B is the behaviour, public presentation, or cognitive procedure that will be demonstrated by the scholar as a consequence of the direction. C is the status or gunslinger by which the behaviour or cognitive procedures will be evaluated. D is any grade or standard that specifies and clarifies the B and C parts of the aim.Harmonizing to Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) , aims can be behavioural aims or cognitive aims. If the aims are behavioural aims, it is recommended to province the terminal aim and any enabling aims that are aligned to those terminal aims. A terminal aim is a major aim for a subject or undertaki ng ( p. 116 ) . These aims tend to be more general and concentrate on the overall ends. Enabling aims are the subobjectives that lead to carry throughing the terminal aims ( p. 117 ) . These are more specific and may depict certain lesson activities or processs that are related to the acquisition undertaking.If high order thought is one of the ends of the direction, it is recommended that the aims be classified in a taxonomy in order to guarantee that they are so mensu evaluation higher degree ends, and are aligned to larning undertakings and appraisal. If the aims are behavioural aims in the cognitive sphere, the original Bloom s Taxonomy is recommended ( Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, & A Krathwohl, 1956 ) . If the aims are based on cognitive procedures, more recent theoretical accounts such as the one by Anderson et Al. ( 2001 ) or Marzano and Kendall ( 2007 ) are recommended.After aims are stated, the instructional design procedure involves sequencing of content ain such a manner as to assist the scholar achieve the aims ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 136 ) . Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) suggest three methods Gagne s Prerequisite Method, Posner and Strike method, and Reigeluth s Elaboration Theory Sequencing Method. Because it is hard to find sequencing without a discipline-specific lineation of the content, it is beyond the range of this paper to propose sequencing processs. However, for more information, it is recommended to reexamine Morrison et Al. s subdivision on sequencing.The measure after sequencing involves decision the schemes for the direction. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) describes two types of schemes, bringing and instructional. Delivery strategies describe the grade of individualisation. These schemes can be individualized or group-paced. Instructional schemes prescribe sequences and methods of direction to accomplish an aim ( p. 150 ) . Such schemes are written to make direction that is effectual, efficient, and appealing. The writers descr ibe assorted prescriptions for learning facts, constructs, rules and regulations, cognitive processs, psychomotor processs, interpersonal accomplishments, and attitudes.With schemes determined, the following measure is to make the message. Message design is the procedure to fix the instructional stuffs by interpreting the instructional design program into a unit of direction ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 174 ) . This includes the preinstructional scheme, schemes for signaling, and utilizing images and artworks in the direction.For the undertaking, one preinstructional scheme is a pretest to measure anterior cognition of the pupils. Cognitivist research workers believe that anterior cognition is an of import factor in finding how to maximise acquisition, or alteration in long-run memory. Another preinstructional scheme is merely saying aims at the beginning of the category. Overviews and progress organisers serve to place relevant subjects and content of the lesson.Signing is anothe r scheme that is a portion of message design. Signaling is ato design the message so that it is communicated efficaciously ( Morrison et al. , 2004, p. 178 ) . Some suggestions for the undertaking include expressed signals or arrow words to assist scholars spot the most relevant stuff. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) states that this can be done through lists, comparings and contrasts, temporal sequencing, cause and consequence, and through definition and illustration. Typographic signals are those signals in the text that emphasizing of import information. Paying attending to headers and layout, every bit good as changing the type will assist maximise pupils focal point.Using and pull stringsing images and artworks is the 3rd scheme of message design. Harmonizing to Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) , images are good to understand abstract information and to demo spacial relationships. Pictures and artworks such as original art, cartridge holder art, or exposure may heighten acquisition. Howev er, costs effectiveness and copyright Torahs are necessary considerations for its usage.In developing the existent direction, Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) supply good recommendations. The first recommendation is to do the direction concrete. One of the major cognitive ends in direction is to assist pupils make mental theoretical accounts. By supplying illustrations and artworks, concrete and shorter text, and legion illustrations, pupils will be able to solidify the mental theoretical accounts, doing it easier to incur the information from long-run memory. The 2nd recommendation is to command the measure size. This means that the direction should flux from one subject to the other. Some of the schemes to maximise measure size is utilizing consistent nomenclature and doing mentions to antecedently learned stuff. Pacing is another issue that must be considered through changing the figure of illustrations and supplying amplification on subjects that may be confounding.Another major consid eration is cognitive burden. Harmonizing to Lohr and Gall ( 2008 ) , cognitive burden theory is the cognitive theoretical account of information touch that emphasizes a conceptual mental work load in understanding human idea ( p. 86 ) . Harmonizing to Lohr and Gall, cognitive overload and underload may both incapacitate acquisition. Effective acquisition means that the instructional stuff can non over-burden the pupils working memory. The usage of multimedia in larning as it relates to cognitive burden has been researched extensively ( see Mayer, 2001 ) . It is of import to understand basic multimedia rules sing the usage of text, life, and narrative prior to their usage in direction.The last measure that needs to be considered is rating. As stated in the debut, all of these stairss are non-linear and iterative. As it will go apparent, the rating subdivision is no exclusion to this regulation. Morrison et Al. ( 2004 ) define three types of rating formative, summational, and con firmative. The make up of formative rating is ato inform the teacher or planning squad how good the instructional plan is functioning the aims as it progresses ( p. 240 ) . These types of rating fork up feedback to the teacher, the instructional interior decorator, the stakeholders so that alterations can be made to better the direction. During the development of the undertaking, one-to-one tests are recommended. This involves proving out the direction on single scholars. As the bill of exchange of the direction becomes developed, small-group tests can assist the instructional interior decorator expression for strengths and failings in the design. When the design is completed, field tests are conducted. This involves the existent writ of execution of the direction in existent schoolrooms.Summational rating is directed toward mensurating the grade to which the major results are attained by the terminal of the class ( p. 243 ) . Issues that will be considered include effectivit y and efficiency of acquisition, cost of development, attitudes to the plan, and long-run benefits.Finally, verification rating is done over clip. This is done by carry oning a follow-up rating ( p. 244 ) . Through questionnaires, interviews, observations and other records, effectivity of the direction can be evaluated and reflected upon.

Marketing Research Analysis: Kudler Fine Foods Essay

Throughout this paper, I provide explain the selling query on Kudler comely viandss. This paper will also discuss the significance of trade research and how it affects the evolution of Kudler Fine Foods trade strategy and tactical maneuver. Then, the fields where further market research is required will be distinguished. Subsequently, the significance of competitive intelligence and analysis concerning the promotion of Kudler Fine Foods trade strategy and tactics will be considered. Kudler Fine Foods Marketing Research Kudler Fine Foods is primarily located in Confederate California with three successful sites.The original store launched in La Jolla in 1998 by Kathy Kudler, a creative thinker who wished for a place where she could purchase everything she wanted so that she could make dinner and mind that opening a chain of gourmet markets was the answer. The Del Mar and Encinitas sites were in motion within five eld (University of Phoenix, 2013). Marketing research compri ses more than just talking to a consumer and asking them to fill out a survey answering questions to find out how they agree and disagree.It implicates the identification of the elements of the part of the population that is the target market, the mode people live and their values, and the information collected while conducting the fundamental research and analyzing the information. The results can then be used to make current business strategies better, make business decisions that be based on supply, demand, the demographics, stave off any indiscretions, calculate a correct likelihood and accurate probabilities centered on consistency of early(prenominal) experiences, and decide which strategic expenses are sensible for the fraternity.Marketing research draws in a lot of clock time and can be expensive, before making valuable marketing choices and a communication strategy, it is essential to echo the different kinds of buyers and consumers, and possible helpful and harmful influences, which guides to the tactical marketing methods. Also, preliminary research assists to conquer subsisting tasks, explain upcoming purposes and proposals, and financial arrangements.Furthermore, this early research will help to center budgets on an consider marketing phase and the attention of every phase can arrange managing systems on various marketing research methods (Armstrong & Kotler, Chapter 4, 2011). Areas Where Further Market Research is Required Kudler Fine Foods has many fields where additional marketing research is required. Even though it is a fantastic concept to develop proceeds in the store, statement consumers to make these specialty foods is time consuming and too expensive.Kudler is getting well-known chefs from all over the origination to teach the clients. It is expensive to hire very prominent chefs and they will be educating Kudler Fine Foods customers free of consecrate with anticipation that it will increase their consumers social network. Kudler will also present lessons at the domiciles of their customers for a first rate fee (University of Phoenix, 2013). N hotshottheless, customers would most likely rather take the planning classes for free at a Kudlers location opposed to paying a fee for homework classes at their homes.With the purpose of fixing this, Kudler should stop providing these cooking lessons services for customers altogether. They could also unclutter this problem by charging a first rate fee for the in store and at home trainings. The Importance of Competitive Intelligence and Analysis Kathy Kudler manages marketing research by recognizing novelty items and also waistband current with new items that are available. In addition, she examines everything that the competitors have to offer and their particular sale prices and monitors the marketing in food magazines, meetings, and the internet.Following all of the investigation, she acquires a sample and presents these products at conferences. Managers will have the opportunity to running play the different products and propose their ideas and opinions. Then Kathy Kudler and the managers can talk about pricing and competition issues. Recommendations Using Kudler Fine Foods marketing summary and organizational data as an influence, there are numerous persuasive issues covered within the business procedures that concern the growth of a healthy communication formula and can increase ones curiosity.The marketing outline provided is very detailed. It defines Kudler Fine Foods ambitions to mature in order to lower expenses, gain more devotion from the customers, raise productivity, begin more evolution, and opening the company out. On the other hand, with gains of considerations and issues together, the communication procedures seem to be an expensive suggestion that should not be applauded. It should be recommended that concentrating on existing customers, instead of increasing the customer base and concentrating on present problems on the inwardly that Kudler is faced with.This will intensify the likelihood of being efficient with both time and expenses, which would impact and inflect a more advantageous advertising approach, that they can use in the future (Perreault, Cannon, & McCarthy, Chapter 2, 2011). Conclusion Kudlers Fine Foods is increasing quickly and proprietor, Kathy Kudler, recognizes that an operative marketing approach along with the execution of that plan is one of Kudlers most important ways they will continue to be more successful than their competition.The philosophies for maturement and putting new services into practice for instance, the catering service are essential to continue Kudlers on the top of the list. Kathy Kudler and her advertising department are aware, yet, if their marketing strategy does not increase and the consumers are not provided with what they need and want, there is no way that they would be able to will not be able to continue on with their company. Marketing and the plans and policies that go hand in hand with marketing are a few of the most significant elements for an establishment like Kudlers Fine foods to implement and to slabber on using.The marketing department, as well as Kathy Kudler, are required to analyze all characteristics of the marketing tactics that they have established as well as any innovative promotion that requires the indemnify place to make sure that the consumers needs and wants are met but also that Kudler Fine Foods is offering their new services and remaining on the right road to success. It is crucial that Kudler Fine Foods is continuing this success by setting themselves apart from the competition.

Nursing: Homosexuality and United States

And the Band Played On University of Central Florida Question 1 Based on what you discover in the shoot or read in the book clearly articulate and delineate at least three of the sociopolitical factors that influenced frequent health policy develop manpowert for HIV/AIDs barroom and obligate in the United States. Then discuss separately each of the three sociopolitical factors each factor and countersign is equal to three points each.The three sociopolitical factors that influenced public health policy development for HIV/Aids pr thus fartion and control in the United States were identifying early possible ways of spreading the disorder, how it attained our blood add on and that to ac experience the social implications that it could be every human beingss disease. Initi ally, in the characterization there were signs of the disease but they were not sure even what it was. People were dying from a type of pneumonia that was not common one man had Toxoplasmosis which is a cat s disease.Other patients had a low or no T-cell count. As the movie progressed they found a connection with Patient Zero and this concept that they called the GRID which stood for Gay Related immune Deficiency and this term was coined by Bill Kraus who was speaking on behalf of the queer sets in Washington, D. C. in 1980. In the connection with patient zero it is ultimately discovered that there was a flight attendant who was sprightly who had sexual intercourse with many men who then had sex with some others and the doctors were able to project the connection with this training.They were able to trace back to the flight attendant who was patient zero and who he slept with and who all of those people had slept with, so on and so forth. The flight attendant had given him names and they were able to dress downward to several men who gave names of other men that they had sex with. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). The second factor that helped to form public policy and help with control and prevention was regarding our blood supply. It was discovered that there was an older man who was a hemophiliac who had received many blood transfusions at the University of Colorado Medical Center. in that attentiveness was also a woman who was an IV drug user who had contracted AIDS. This helped to dispel the myth that it was only a gay disease, but was transported through the blood therefore our blood supply was at risk. The CDC in Atlanta met in 1983 and motioned to change the name from GRID to AIDS which was Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. However, because of expense the blood banks refused to change examination procedures. Eventually, the blood banks finally agree to test but many people were affected with AIDS virus before that finally took place. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993).One of the big factors early on is that no one wanted to be associated with AIDS due to the fact that it was considered a gay mans disease. There was a component of fear, denial and anger surrounding this disease. In 1981at the CDC Dr. Guinan asks that a report about an epidemic with gay men had broken out and he wanted it published in the medical journal. The fear of the word homosexual was marked off and not used for that article. It took a long time for the realization that this disease could affect everyone from homosexual males, IV drug users, blood transfusion patients, women and even babies.Even though it was initially considered the disease came from gay men and their sexual practices it crossed all borders as time went on. Still today there is some prejudice regarding AIDS. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). Question 2 How were early victims and contacts identified and located? One example was from a gay flight attendant who had by his own admission had at least 250 partners and that was a hidebound number of partners, when he was a patient at NYU Medical Center. Later, the doctors make the connection and tracked him down t o ask for names of other men he had slept with. He gave Dr.Darrow 73 names which at least was a beginning for them to contact other men and from there they could get them names of men or women that they too had slept with. The doctors began to see a common thread of patients who had low T cell counts, rargon pneumonia, Kaposis sarcoma and other signs/symptoms that they were looking at and trying to make the connection with what this disease entailed as they were sharing information with each other of their findings. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). Question 3 Describe how the events in the film comp atomic number 18 with the steps in the epidemiological process described in Maurer and Smith.There are three types of epidemiological studies that include descriptive, experimental and analytic. (Maurer & Smith, 2009). I think that the descriptive would be the closest to the film. The reason is that the movie talks about those who are affected and different scenarios. One such scenario would be Dr. Francis when he was seeing a woman on her death bed, and she spits blood on his hand and he is scared. He was a key player in that he saw some symptoms and tried to go back and put together pieces of the puzzle of what that meant with other findings, different populations, ages, sex, blood etc.What was difficult were how many hurdles the medical community had to try and overcome. There was little funding, discriminatory attitudes and a basic belief it did not belong in their back yard. The political relation was inefficient and slow and much of the red tape left many to suffer and die. They believed that it was a modus vivendi choice and that their punishment was just. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). The people who were most affected early on were homosexual men. It did seem to be more prominent in San Francisco where there was a high population of gay men.The first mooring was in Copenhagen in 1977, various countries and finally the United States. This disease affected everyone from gay, straight, IV drug users, babies and hemophiliacs. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). It is valued to note that the homosexual men were engaging in very forged behaviors such as in the bathhouses they were with multiple partners and also engaged in the use of poppers. Gay men also engaged in sex often without protection and even when they tested positive they would still engage in risky behaviors. Kalichman SC Cain D Simbayi LC, (2010).What was your overall reaction after viewing this film/reading this book with respect to the impact on the health care system in the United States? I had never seen the film before so I found it very interesting. Knowing what I know now I look at that film in disbelief that we had to go through all of those hurdles and how many lives were lost. It was a failure to act from the CDC, blood banks, government the doctors fighting with their egos for credit and even those fighting with each other and the pol iticians who dont want their careers ruined.I dont think up it affecting me much because I am a straight, heterosexual female, but I do suppose thinking how scared I was when it first came out. It does not mean however, that I am safe because I am female. I do know that. The money that it cost in the aftermath of inefficiency is probably numbers game I cant imagine. I applaud Dr. Francis in standing up for what he believed was right in the face of his colleagues who fought him the whole way. It must stir been a lonely path for him but I believe when you are passionate about something that is when you will prevail, and he did.I hope that history doesnt repeat itself and that as humans we can learn from our errors. One impact that I can have as a nurse is to dispel myths and teach the facts about having HIV and living with it. There are still many misconceptions surrounding HIV and since we are in a position to educate, it is our duty to do so. Ojebuyi B. (2009). References Kalich man, S. , Cain, D. , & Simbayi, L. (2010). Behavioral changes associated with testing HIV-positive among sexually transmitted infection clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa. American diary of Public Health, 100(4), 714-719. oi10. 2105/AJPH. 2009. 162602. Maurer, F. A. , Smith, C. M. (2009). Community/public health nursing practice health for families and populations. St. Louis, MO Saunders Elselvier Ojebuyi, B. (2009). Increasing peoples knowledge about HIV/AIDS an investigation into the effectiveness of reading as a communication strategy. journal of Health Management, 11(3), 473-488. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database Spelling, A. , Vincent, E. D. , (Producers). & Spottiswoode, R. (Director), (1993), And the band played on Motion picture. United States Home quoin Office.

Physical and cognitive changes

What are some examples of the physical and cognitive changes people go through when they enter late adulthood? To avoid whatever confusion and to more than cl previous(predicate) represent my personal opinions, perspectives and points of view, I think it necessary to divulge my come along. I turned 55 on December 25, 2012. I must say that hitting 55 was a mental gainsay for me. ARP considers the age of 55 to be Senior Citizen Status. May restaurants give discounts to their patrons who are 55 years of age or older. Our text sites many theories on aging and I have read them every(prenominal).Since no unmatched lives exactly why we age and die, there is no correct answer to the aging theory. I postulate to the Damage Theories and specifically the stand-and-Tear Theory. In quoting our text it suggests that Damage Theories relate to internal, microscopic damage to the organism and is responsible for death. We know that with use, machinery like cars and dishwashers break d give birth. at that place is no definitive research linking death to wearing out, further it is angiotensin converting enzyme of the most vernacular explanations people have about death. This view is called the wear-and-tear theory. Of course, the luggage compartment is non a machine.Weight/body build Total body weight increase until the mid-ass then begins to decline. Weight loss n later years is non due too sliming of the torso but a loss of ponderosity mass and bone. Voice Due to changes in the larynx, respiratory dodging and muscle control of the vocal cords, the have of our voice lowers two or three notes on a scale and may begin to quaver due to loss of control over the vocal cords. there is besides a decrease in volume The effects of age in internal system Bones bones in your body loss volume as you age, due to loss of calcium and different minerals, resulting greater vulnerability to fracture. Smoking, using alcohol, diet, and having a sedentary flavor all contribute to greater one loss Micro fractures Joints There are age losses in virtually every morphologic component of the Joint the cartilage. Arthritis is a infirmity category that characteristically jars the Joints, resulting in swelling, pain, and stiffness. Heat and cold compresses. Musculature Between 40-70 muscle strength drops between 10-20% between 70-80 the drop is 30-40% Muscle mass is replaced with connective interweave that makes the muscle stiffer and heals slower after injury.Reaction time The time between stimulus onset and our response decreases with age. Reaching peak in our teens and early 20. Cardiovascular serious limitations of the unions ability to pump kin through the circulatory system adequately for all the cells. The reduction in the ability of the heart to pump is due to ? changes that affect the structure and functioning of the heart muscle wall ? the cardiac muscle dumbfounds less responsive to the neural stimulation of the pacemaker cells that beginner contraction ? the effects of aging and poor health habits on the arteries of the heart reduce flow as well. ? Under normal conditions During aerobic exercises or other strenuous activity ? Poor health habits unbendable exercises Cardiovascular disease is the groom cause of death in the United States. Defined as any problem associated with the heart or blood circulation. The likelihood of dying of some form of cardiovascular disease increases dramatically as we age. Included in cardiovascular disease are hypertension (high blood pressure) mostly any systolic over 140 mm Hug and diastolic over 90 mm Hug. ? congestive heart failure stroke (cerebral vascular disease) and peripheral vascular disease of which the most common is atherosclerosis. Heart disease Arteriosclerosis referring to the narrowing of the arteries Arteriosclerosis Referring to a loss of elasticity and hardening which restricts blood flow to the rest of the body including the heart itself. Th is process begins in childhood and is inevitable. The extent of the buildup and the ultimate impact on functioning is a product of our health behaviors. CAD Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in later life. While men are more effected by CAD than women women are still susceptible to the disease. Hormonal systems ? Most notable changes are in turn on hormones (testosterone and oestrogen and in the production of insulin) the capacity of the pancreas to produce insulin reduces Diabetes mellitus Menopause reduction in the production of estrogen and progesterone Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, vaginal and urinary tract changes, and some experience strong swings in mood or feelings of strong emotionality. ? Link to osteoporosis and CAD Immune system A reduction in the effectiveness of T cells, which destroy antigens (foreign substances like viruses that enter the body) as we age. Stress can also influence this Whereas social support has been found t o increase the effectiveness of the immune system. Neural systems We are natural with nearly all the neurons we will have in our lifetime and over time they die. This loss does not mean there is an associated reduction in cognitive or other functions a we will see. olden plaques. ? Neurotically tangles Neurotically tangles Changes in neurotransmitters Supplies of all neurotransmitters decreases with age. Dopamine -controlling motor movement and other functions may become depleted uh to the aging of the substantial Nigeria. Morphogenesis associated with learning and memory. However, the decline in neurotransmitters that occur with normal aging do not result in dramatic changes in functioning or behavior. When a neuron dies other healthy neurons will generate new connections to compensate for the loss. This repair system is aided by cognitive stimulation, exercise, and health habits.Pulmonary The are usually measurable declines in the efficiency of the pulmonary system the mus culature system that controls breathing (diaphragm, chest cage stiffness) degrades in addition there may be loss of lung tissue and elasticity of the lungs. Health habits Stamina Digestion/excretion The digestive system acts more slowly The social background of eating Healthy eating Seniors who are depressed tend to eat irregularly and less than non-depressed structural changes to the kidneys that result in impaired efficiency adulthood. Incontinence effects 19% of women and 8% of men over 60 * Did you expect the age in which you currently are, would be different than it is? L, to this day have the pass of a 25 year old. I think, process, enjoy life and live through he eye of someone much younger than myself but when it comes to the physical aspect of my actual age, I suffer greatly from chronic pain and feel as if Im about 80 years of age chronologically. My muscular-skeletal system has degenerated at a much more significant rate than my socio-emotional mind has.I fear that my mind may one day give way to age as a result of inundating it with constant pain. Eventually the understanding will no longer endure and I will yet again experience the Wear And Tear theory and the brain will break down and I will suffer the consequences aforesaid(prenominal) and death will be inevitable. Where would you like to see yourself ten years from now in equipment casualty of your family life, career, and education? Ah, the imagination The imagination gives us the ability to see ourselves in any circumstance, any mistaken and wonderful scenario, either in the world or out of it.It can take us on the future trip of all time, spinning our reality around until it is only vaguely recognizable. Look at how easily children create new realities to enjoy with their supple imaginations. Cardboard boxes can become snow forts, and a comfy chair can instantly become an ancient regal throne. The bathtub an become a formidable pirates ship, all decked out for navigating the perils and adventures of the high seas. Children can imagine themselves anywhere, doing anything. And that is what I try to do. It is important to dream, to create mentally a possible future.As the poet, Longboats Hughes said, Dreams Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die behavior is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. So, that is what we are going to do. I am going to win you to dream, to imagine. Stretch your imagination ten years forward. Imagine yourself really happy. See ourselves enjoying life, smiling. The rules that apply now, may not apply in the 10- years-from-now-world. Any sort of upheaval may or may not take place between now and then. So, I feel free to let my imagination run rampant about my future.Now, spend some time examining what your happiness looks like. What are the components to it? What ingredients are in the background? What contributes to that happiness? Then, slowly come back to the present. Now, thin k about what it might take to get you from here to there. ten-spot years is a pretty long stretch into the future. Ten years ago, Google was in its infancy. Many things we didnt call back were possible then, are in fact possible today. So change surface if what you are left with as the way to happiness seems silly, or improbable, give some time over to thinking what you can do to get there.The future changes, transmogrifies (my new favorite word), and shimmers into all shapes of unexpected places. But, if you start putting steps in place now, as the world shifts, your steps can shift as well. When faced with a life decision, think of yourself as happy, and ask How will this decision help me get there? I am not suggesting that happiness of self is the be all and end all. But we can do more for others if we are happy in the now, as opposed to miserable, or unsatisfied or stressed beyond manageability.I am also not suggesting that a dream will always come true, or even that it sho uld. But I do think that dreamers are happier. And I think that wishing for one kind of happiness can end us up at another kind, maybe even a better one. When I think of my own happiness, I am thinner, more physically fit, more assiduous in an active community of people, more financially secure and helping more people purposefully. My own list surprised me. And there are things I can do now that I know will help me get there.

Don Quixote Essay

march Kim 29 October 2012 Honors Literature slang Quixote Essay With these word and phrases the poor gentleman lost his mind, (Cervantes 20). In the low of wear out Quixote, the reader is introduced to a man engulfed in chivalric books, who soon loses his mind in the stories of knighthood. take in Quixote is labeled as an insane man by the narrator who soon proves this statement through adopt Quixotes delusions and eccentric behaviors. As the narrator describes the delusions, the narrators tone is overly mocking towards bear Quixotes neurotic acts.However, ignoring the narrators mocking tone, fag out Quixotes foolish acts preserve be judged sound by comparing put one over Quixotes delusions to the actual touch. In Cervantes fool Quixote, gull Quixote is envisioned as a delusional person with a tendency of expressing eccentric behaviors however, tangle with Quixotes delusions gage be judged reasonable if the audience looks at the acts of Don Quixote as a electric s get under ones skinrish and infantile flak to regarding things in life.There are three types of delusions and eccentric behaviors shown by Don Quixote that butt end be seen as reasonable delusions and eccentric behaviors connected with cover objects, coincidental situations, and in situations where Don Quixote admits his madness and tries to explain his own mantic madness. The most commonly mentioned scene of Don Quixote is when Don Quixote has delusions about windmills creation giants. Delusions and eccentric behaviors connected with concrete objects happen as Don Quixote sees some concrete objects as slightly different objects.This pattern is seen when Don Quixote interprets windmills as giants. thirty or forty of the windmills thirty or more enormous giants (Cervantes 58). The audience may perceive Don Quixote as insane because he confuses devil standardized objects. The massive windmills blades are uniform to the massive giants arms and the trunk of the windmill is si milar to a giants body. Don Quixotes childish actions are analogous to those of a child identifying a beautiful fair sex in an elegant dress as a princess.An image of a giant is conjured when thinking of a windmill because they are so similar in appearance therefore, an image of a princess can be conjured when seeing a beautiful woman and dress. Don Quixote also perceives a barbers basin to be a helmet. Do you feel what I imagine Sancho? This famous piece of the enchanted helmet resembles a barbers basin as you say, (Cervantes 155). To turn a basin upside down creates an object similar to a helmet. The reader can compare Don Quixotes ridiculous actions to the behavior of children as they have swordfights with sticks.Don Quixote, seemingly childish and naive, can nonetheless be judged reasonable because in both the windmill scene and the basin scene, the two objects universe compared had similar qualities and were seen from a childish perspective. Don Quixote also had delusions o n fortuitous situations. Don Quixotes delusional behaviors on coincidental situations can be judged reasonable because they are spontaneous. The delusions of Don Quixote are similar to the delusions that chemical formula people would have. Well, the misdirect of dust conceals a vast army, composed of innumerable and diverse peoples, which is marching toward us, (Cervantes 126). A cloud of dust could hide anything from a sm each pin to a immense army. Therefore, it is reasonable for Don Quixote to call up a vast army is hidden inside the cloud of dust and rampage into the cloud of dust. Don Quixotes belief on the cloud of dust can be related to the actions of a child as he or she imagines there is a monster underneath their bed. In both situations, Don Quixote and the child are afraid of the unknown hidden from their view.A comparable situation happens as Don Quixote faces with two friars and a carriage on one path and has the delusion that the friars are kidnapping a princess in the carriage. You wicked and monstrous creatures, instantly unhand the noble princesses you hold captive in that carriage, or else realize to receive a swift death as just punishment for your evil deeds (Cervantes 62). Don Quixote can be judged reasonable because his immature, quick assumptions correspond with those of a child as he or she immediately assumes a punishment when their full name is called.A normal adult may not have attacked the friars, but a man with a childish mind would have shown eccentric behavior resembling Don Quixote. All of these delusions are acceptable if they are pursued to imitate ones billet model. Madness can be conceived if a persons role model is also considered insane. Don Quixote explains about his insanity as, In the same manner, Amadis was the polestar the morning star, the one who should be imitated by all of us who serve under the banner of love and chivalry. This being true, that the knight errant who most closely imitates Amadis will be cl osest to attaining chivalric perfection (Cervantes 193).Don Quixote realizes that people call him insane thereupon, he explains that he is merely following in the footsteps of his role model, Amadis. Don Quixotes guilelessness relates to those of a child as he or she looks up to his or her role model as the child grows up. A related situation happens in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Said Gawain to the king, If you would, noble lord, Bid me rise from my seat and stand at your side, And I have asked you for it first, it should fall to me (Pearl Poet 246).Gawain is upraising his uncle, King Arthur. Gawains honor for King Arthur allows him to imitate King Arthur by communicate for the task of beheading the Green Knight. All of Don Quixotes actions can be assimilated as childish. If Don Quixotes actions were perceived plainly as childish and immature thought process, the readers can acquire a different definition of chivalry and knighthood from Don Quixote. Chivalry and knighthood i s known to be for those that are loyal and brave.However, if Don Quixotes chivalric, but ridiculous actions were plainly childish actions, chivalry becomes the dream of young children. Chivalry becomes an immature game played by children. Knights would not be the symbol of courage, but the symbol of playfulness and being silly. With Don Quixotes childish perception towards chivalry and knighthood, the readers can acquire a new scent out of what loyalty and courage are. Citations * Cervantes, Miguel De. Don Quixote. New York City HarperCollins Publishers Inc. , 2005. Print. * Pearl Poet, . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Print.

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Around 12% of all pregnancies occur to women who pass to slew throughout their pregnancy.Two thirds of those elusive in agnatic fastball during pregnancy are Caucasian.More than 500,000 infants each year are opened to cigarette potentiometer in utero.Maternal fastball during pregnancy has been heavily linked to many infant and toddler health issues.Health issues are in addition apparent in women who do not take during pregnancy, but are regularly exposed to smoke during their pregnancy. This applies most to those who live with a smoker, or those who utilization in smoking environments.It is a known fact that maternal smoking during pregnancy produces more previous(p) contains and babies with lower birth weights.Maternal smoking during pregnancy has also been associated with babies who have colic.It has been found that tobacco smoke raises levels of motilin in the blood and intestines when maternal smoking during pregnancy is apparant. These raised levels acts contracti ons of the stomach and intestines to increase.The increased levels of motilin end cause colic in infants, which can cause the infants pain and discomfort for months.Studies show that infants who had colic at 3 months of age had more sleep punishingies and temper tantrums at 3 years of age in equivalence with those children without colic.Studies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to more uncontrollable and aggressive infants and toddlers, helping to link smoking during pregnancy to sort in infants and toddlers.Mothers who smoked during pregnancy also reported more negative conduct from their infants and toddlers than mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy.Studies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy can have behavioral affects on the infant well into adulthood.QuestionDoes maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continue to have an affect into toddler hood?HypothesisIt is suspected that maternal smokin g during pregnancy does and so have an affect on the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continues to have an affect into toddler hood.Conducting a read on the behavior of infants born(p) to mothers who smoked during their pregnancy, and continuing the study through their toddler years can provide adequate research for this question.This study would need to monitor the child in his or her expression environment as well as in typical social environments.The childs behavior would then be compared to the behavior of children of the same age and developmental stage that were born to mothers who did not smoke during the pregnancy.By collecting all of the data and analyzing it, there whitethorn be a pattern of behavior differences between the children who were born to smoking mothers and those who were born to non-smoking mothers.ProblemsIt may be difficult to pinpoint aggressive or negative behavior from children on the sole fact that their mother smoked during their pregna ncy.It will be difficult to factor in behavioral and discipline techniques used by guardians of these children.It may be difficult to remove mothers to admit they smoked during their pregnancy, as they may be embarrassed of their lack of attention to the health issues that may have been abnormal.It may be impossible to set a standard and determine what is normal rebellious behavior for an infant and toddler and what is abnormal behavior.SourcesHitti, Miranda. Tobacco Smoke May Increase Colic. 4 October, 2004.http//my.webmd.com/content/article/94/103060.htm. Acquired on 22 June 2005.Infant Deaths Tied to Premature Births. New York Times. 1 March, 1995.http//www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/statlabs/papers/sample.pdf. Acquired on 22 June2005.Prenatal Smoking Data Book Smoking and Reproductive Outcomes. www.cdc.com.Acquired on 22 June 2005.Schonfeld, Amy Rothman PhD. Dreading the Terrible Twos? Dont Smoke, MothersWarned. 13 April, 2000. http//my.webmd.com/content/article/23/1728_56585.htm .Acquired on 22 June 2005.Maternal smoking during pregnancyThe Research Question would be Are babies born from mothers who smoke during the pregnancy have greater chances of developing low-birth weight, compared to those born from mothers who do not smoke?A study was conducted on pregnant women that belonged to a Maternity Hospital in Haguenau, France, in 1974. 248 pregnant women that smoked at least five cigarettes a day were defined as cases, and 196 pregnant women who did not smoke were defined as controls.Tests conducted on the placenta exhibit higher incidences of defective trophoblasts in smokers compared to non-smokers. The signs of intrauterine hypoxia, low birth-weight and low placental weight, were also higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. However, the study was not able to establish a relationship between low birth-weight and low placental weight or intrauterine hypoxia (Shipra, A. Et al, 1977).Another study conducted demonstrated that mothers who smoked during one pregnancy had produced infants with lower birth-weight, compared to those infants born during pregnancy when they did not smoke. This was irrespective of the birth order and other factors that affect the growth of the unborn ball up in the utreus. The reduction in the birth weight was directly associated with the number of cigarettes smoked.Mothers, who smoked less, produced infants on an sightly 90 grams less than normal, whereas those who smoked heavily developed babies on an ordinary 533 grams down the stairs normal. Smoking brought virtually the development of several lesions in the placental due to under-perfusion (which was usually periodic). Besides, pregnancy during smoking was on an norm 1.5 days shorter than without smoking (Naeye, R.L., 1978).A study was also able to demonstrate that women who quit smoking during pregnancy are able to reduce the several risks associated with pregnancy such as low birth-weight, preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, etc, and period of breastfeeding also improved (Giglia, R.C. Et al, 2006).A study conducted in Johannesburg and Sweto, in 1990, demonstrated that women who smoked (6.1%) and used snuff (7.5%) during the pregnancy, produced babies who weight an average 2982 grams compared to babies of non-smokers who weighted 3148 grams, on an average. However, environmental pollutants (such as passive smoking) did not significantly adversely affect the birth weight (Steyn, K., Et al, 2006).Another study conducted in Pelotas, Brazil, in 193, demonstrated that smoking in mothers produced babies on an average 142 grams below that of the non-smokers average. The study also demonstrated that the risk of fetal retardation was higher with the extent of smoking. However, the study did not find any relationship between preterm delivery and smoking (Horbta, H.L. Et al, 1997).Hence, it is obvious that birth-weight of the baby is directly affected to the extent of smoked (number of cigarettes) by the mother during pregnancy. Fur ther studies need to be conducted on the exact elan in which smoking causes a reduction in the birth-weight of the child.ReferencesGiglia, R.C., Binns, C.W., & Alfonso, H.S. (2006). Which women stop smoking during pregnancy and the effect on breastfeeding duration. BMC Public Health, 2696Z), 195.https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16869976?dopt=AbstractPlusHorta, B.L., Victora, C.G., Menezes, A.M., Halpern, R., & Barros, F.C. (1997). Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 11(2), 140-151. https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9131707?dopt=abstractplusNaeye, R. L. (1978). Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 85(10), 732-737.https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/708656?dopt=abstractplusSpira, A., Philippe, E., Spira, N., Dreyfus, J., & Schwartz, D. (1977). Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology. Biomedicine, 27(7Z), 266-270.https//www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/588667?dopt=AbstractSteyn, K., de Wet, T., Saloojee, Y., Nel, H., & Yach D. (2006). The square off of maternal cigarette smoking, snuff use and passive smoking on pregnancy outcomes the Birth to cardinal Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 20(2), 90-99.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16466427&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_DocSum